Not only components such as paintwork, seats, etc. For instance, it is possible to customise a mid-range car from several million configuration options.
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In this context we often speak about Software Product Lines (SPLs) or variability. To minimise the analysis of the overall system (software) products can be configured individually according to the needs of the customer to guarantee variability. It is important to ensure traceability throughout the entire process chain and to define well-defined impact rules. It is therefore another objective of this thesis to identify the components affected by a change. The calculation of optimal trade-offs of the system under investigation is impaired due to changed security requirements.
This usually means that existing components of a system have to be replaced or added to meet the requirements. In this context, the requirements of safety-critical components often change as well. (Software) products change constantly over time and the development progresses steadily. A methodology is presented to determine from a set of possible alternative solutions the one that best meets the safety-critical requirements. In this context, a risk assessment and mitigation technique are considered.
Therefore, in this thesis an approach is presented to model MC and to calculate trade-offs. To solve such conflicts, appropriate trade-offs have to be calculated which is the first objective of this thesis. Thus, in this case the safety, the primary goal, would be in danger. In the event of a collision, however, it can result in the airbag not being triggered in time (timing), as decrypting the corresponding commands take too long due to a chosen encryption algorithm which has a security level too high. In order to not manipulate the functionality of the airbag by third parties, a secure encryption of the data is necessary (security). However, the consideration of MC often leads to conflicts, as the following example shows: In the event of an accident, an airbag has to be able to be triggered immediately to protect the occupants from internal and external injuries (safety). In this context, we speak about Multi-Concerns (MC). To achieve this, other concerns have to be considered, such as security (crime prevention) or timing (real-time requirements).
Therefore, it should be regarded as highest priority to ensure maximum safety. Non circumventing these vulnerabilities can have fatal consequences for human lives, i.e. However, these functionalities often have weak points and thus allow access for third parties. The individual systems are cross-linked via wired or wireless interfaces to provide certain (comfort) functionalities. Today, safety-critical systems can be found in various domains, including the automotive industry, avionics and the medical environment.
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This can be useful for different groups: end users may be empowered to choose appropriate solutions more consciously, developers may be able to avoid common usability pitfalls when designing new products and system administrators may benefit from a better understanding of how to configure solutions and how to educate users efficiently. The identified novel themes can increase knowledge about factors that influence usability. While some of them were only mentioned sparsely, the most prominent and thus presumably most significant ones were: simplicity, information and support, task completion time, error rates and error management. The study resulted in the identification of 14 themes and 30 associated subthemes representing aspects with reported influence on perceived usability in the context of security. All 70 included publications were then analyzed through thematic analysis. Application of predefined selection criteria led to the creation of a bibliography before backward snowballing was applied to minimize the risk of missing material of importance. The selected methodology was a systematic literature review during which multiple database resources were queried.
This paper aims to identify and describe universally applicable and solution-independent factors that affect the perceived usability of security mechanisms. To assess it correctly, usability should be evaluated in the context of security. Achieving well-balanced levels of both is a precondition for sufficient security as users tend to reject unusable solutions. This mutual trade-off needs to be considered and addressed whenever security products are developed. For decades, literature has reported on the perceived conflict between usability and security.
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